We encourage students and teachers to visit our Shoshone Indian homepage for more in-depth information about the tribe, but here are our answers to the questions we are most often asked by children, with Shoshone pictures and . (n.d). Retrieved from, http://www.wwu.edu/skywise/indianmoons.html, http://native-american-indian-facts.com/Great-Basin-American-Indian-Facts/Shoshone-Tribe-Facts.shtml, Native American Netroots. Wyoming's Wind River Country is home to the seventh largest Indian reservation in the country. The lunar cycles were incredibly important to the Shoshone Indians. Because Shoshone baskets were mainly made for use and not as artwork for sale the examples in Museums are often worn and show signs of use. With the introduction of the horse the tribe migrated to many different areas and adopted different life styles and cultures. From 1853 on, the Shoshone tribe worked closely with Mormon settlers in the Utah and Idaho regions. The story of the Western Shoshone is a long lesson in the ways that law can fail indigenous people threatened by mineral interests. The most famous Shoshone was Sacajawea who acted as a guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The traditional Shoshone baskets are attractive and utilitarian. Food,Clothing and Shelter. What was unique about the Shoshone tribe? During the ceremony, a local space is made sacred and serves as a place for the tribe members to renew their relationship with the land and the beings of the world. Shoshone children performed much better in the school with specific needs and backgrounds. In 1863 the Shoshone Tribe were defeated at the battle on the Bear River at Bear Hunter's village in which the Shoshone lost 224 people. This caused the Shoshone people to fight for their freedom and their lands. Online shopping from a great selection at Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry Store. The Shoshone tribe of the PlainsThe migration of the Shoshone Tribe from the harsh conditions in the Great Basin required a totally different lifestyle to suit the climate and natural resources of the area. The Shoshone people primarily wore tanned animal skins for clothing. This is a representation of the Shoshone year and season: Seasonal Round of the Northern Shoshone & Bannock, Adapted from image appearing in North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment. While sources generally agree that the subculture of mountain-dwelling Shoshone came to be called Sheepeaters, scholars prefer Mountain Shoshone as the more accurate term. Alejos, B. SHOSHONE Indians span widely dispersed geographical and cultural areas. As they grew, Shoshone children took on more responsibilities. Both wore moccasins. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Western Shoshones, the bands west of the Rockies lived in grass huts, gathered rice and hunted fish, birds, and rabbits, The Eastern Shoshones and Northern Shoshones adopted the lifestyle of the Plains, hunting buffalo and living in tepees. 1231 Words5 Pages. Instruction was at first based on skills that were needed for their lifestyle such as pottery, gardening, harvesting crops, or tanning hides. Clothing was frequently embellished with porcupine quills and beads. (2015). Nuclear Testing and Native Peoples: History of the Bannock-Shoshone Tribes. The Medicine Wheel is located in the Bighorn National Forest, 32.6 miles east of Lovell, Wyo. Some or many of these people were most likely ancestors of todays Shoshone. T-shirts, hoodies, tops, dresses, skirts, hats, and more in a huge range of styles, colors, and sizes (XS - plus size). In 1680 the Pueblo people revolted and drove the Spanish from their land. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Occasionally if the Shaman was unable to help their patient they would return their money, or if the Shaman to refuse services they were sometimes executed (Western Shoshone, 1996). Stirn, Matthew. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Each new full moon was a sign of a new time period. Some features of the land, such as caves or springs, have an inherent sacred meaning respected by the tribe. An interviewee identified as W. G., age 65, told Liljeblad, Just whatever they [other Shoshone] ate at that time is what I called them. Western Shoshone Crafts differed from other bands. Retrieved November 9, 2015 from, http://ilovehistory.utah.gov/people/first_peoples/tribes/shoshone.html, The Shoshone Today. The Spanish had to leave behind their cattle, sheep, and horses. The Shoshone people were hunter-gatherers and relied heavily on the wildlife, such as buffalo, deer, and elk, to maintain their food supply throughout the winter. These files are then made available to other tribe members. Fighting took place in Oregon, Nevada, and California, and Idaho, 1865: Ute Wars (1865 - 1872) broke out in Utah due to Mormon settlers taking over their lands, 1869: Union Pacific and Central Pacific transcontinental Railroad met at Promontory Point, Utah, 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868 with the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes who are assigned to reservations, 1869: Fort Hall Reservation established in the U.S. state of Idaho, 1876: The Eastern Shoshone allied themselves with the whites and helped them fight the Sioux in the Battle of the Rosebud, 1878: Bannock War erupts in Southern Idaho and Northern Nevada, 1878: The Sheepeater War. Wyoming The Shoshone lived on the Duck Valley Reservation Land in Wyoming. 86 x 117 cm The Shaman is someone who holds supernatural powers to cure other members of the tribe and also hosts tribal ceremonies (*see health care considerations). A study was done on how Shoshone children learn the best. A Record of Overwhelming Complexity: High Elevation Archaeology in Northwestern Wyoming., Todd, Lawrence, Rachel Reckin, Emily Brush, Robert Kelly, and William Dooley. Today there are only a few hundred people who speak the language fluently and most of them are over the age of fifty. Where did the Shoshone Indians live in California? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. On the other hand, the Shoshone tribe is also somehow fit into the "bands" category. Their diet was supplemented with roots and wild fruit and vegetables, Shelter: The shelters of the Shoshone tribe were tepees, tent-like shelters constructed from wooden poles that were covered with buffalo hides, Culture: The Shoshone tribe adopted a warrior-like culture, Clothes: The Shoshones wore breechcloths, fringed buckskin tunics or shirts and leggings with warm buffalo robes to protect against the rain and the cold, Weapons: Their range of weapons were extended to include lances and spears, hatchets and axes together with the use of shields. As a Registered Nurse it is important to first consider the beliefs and values of our patients. The shelters that the Shoshone people used are in the tall, cone-shaped buffalo-hide houses known as tipis (or teepees). What was Shoshone clothing made of? If you stay home, have a backup plan in case of power outages. Modeling site location patterns amongst late-prehistoric villages in the Wind River Range, Wyoming., Todd, Lawrence. The beginning of each season marked the beginning of a new journey to the next hunting grounds. Meriwether Lewis, described these bows in detail in their journals, with close attention to their construction and ornamentation. The Shoshone parents and grandparents share the ancestry and history of their people through stories told to their children. Clothing - The Shoshone Indians Clothing Women wore deerskin dresses and men wore breechcloths, leggings and buckskin shirts. Visitors with disabilities may use a motorized vehicle to access the site. Shoshone, also spelled Shoshoni; also called Snake, North American Indian group that occupied the territory from what is now southeastern California across central and eastern Nevada and northwestern Utah into southern Idaho and western Wyoming. Children were cherished and taught to be hospitable from a young age. During the Civil War, the Shoshone Indians raided the Pony Express routes and wagon trains. This helps Shoshone children succeed. She blogs about the connection between music and writing at www.musicofwriting.wordpress.com, and about the special needs of gifted children at www.caseofbrilliance.wordpress.com. The men wore shorts and no shirts in the summer and in the winter . All other visitors must walk 1.5 miles on a gravel road from the parking area to the site. Several distinct tribes have historically occupied the Great Basin; the modern descendents of these people are still here today. Trappers, traders, and emigrants on their way to California soon followed. The Bannocks are closely related to the Northern Paiute . Would you like to help support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages? Native American language This Shoshone two-hide dress is made in a Lakota fashion with a fully beaded yoke. If you must travel, prepare for potential long delays and carry an emergency kit with extra food, water and clothing. The Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony are facing many battles: a fight to preserve their land, a fight to keep their water rights, . Some of these dreams were sought after as quests where a specific animal spirit would bestow powers to the individual, usually adolescent males, and they would receive guidance. Retrieved from, http://www.everyculture.com/North-America/Western-Shoshone-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html. 19/7485. They also used the hides of animals to create head pieces and decorated them with the feathers of many different types of birds. Women wore knee length leggings, dresses, and elk tooth necklaces. Shoshone Indian Fact Sheet. While many Indian tribes are well known for jewelry, the Shoshone tribe excelled instead in basket making, becoming well known for their beautiful hand-woven baskets. While, illnesses that were believed to have been caused by supernatural beings were treated with the ceremonies and rituals of Shamans, this often consisted of the sucking out offending objects or blood (Western Shoshone, 1996). Their population was approximately 8000 members at first, but their population began to increase about 20,000 members. Meat was also a very important item in their diet. Historian David Dominick reported that in the late 1950s Sven Liljeblad, a linguist at Idaho State College, interviewed Northern Shoshone at the Fort Hall Reservation in Idaho about these food names. Food, clothing, homes, weapons and culture of the Paiute. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 1 What type of clothing did the Shoshone tribe wear? Today, many of the groups are officially recognized by the United States including the Big Valley Band and the Dry Creek Rancheria groups. Although this interaction was peaceful, the tribe would later have several conflicts with settlers. Anthropologists now suggest that band names of a variety of Shoshone groupsSheepeater is only one examplebegan as transitory labels denoting economic activity and locale, and only later became attached, sometimes inaccurately or even pejoratively, to specific groups. . Additional facilities include camping and picnic areas, corrals, playgrounds, restrooms, telephone, trails, fishing pier and viewing areas. The Shoshone people traveled according to the seasons and followed the animals and food supply. Corbin Harney, an elder with the Western Shoshone Tribe, beats a drum during a May 2002 tribal protest near the planned Yucca Mountain national nuclear waste dump. To keep their feet warm they insulated their moccasins with bark (Unknown, n. d.). Poverty may not have been why most Mountain Shoshone lacked horses. The Eastern and Northern Shoshone tribes lived in tipis, and the Western Shoshone tribe, which didn't rely as much on hunting and subsisted on a diet that largely was plant-based, built wickiup houses. Accessed April 23, 2018, at. They have such a strong relationship with their land that any damage done to the land they inhabit is seen as a direct assault on them. Distinctions became more blurred as people moved into modern housing, he said. The societal organization of the Shoshone did not have any set definition. The collection is full of photographs as well as letters, and newspaper and magazine clippings important to Billy. (2015). Clothing. Other religious practices of the Shoshone include the Native American Church, adopted from the Plains Indians, as well as over half the tribe populations belonging to Christian sects such as Baptist, Roman Catholic, Latter Day Saint, and Episcopal religions (Eastern Shoshone, 2015). Retrieved September 20, 2015, from, Shoshone. The restrooms and drinking fountains are closed during winter months, from Nov. 6 through April 30. They learned from the settlers and began to farm and irrigate the land in order to grow their own food. It is a complex language that is a part of the Uto-Aztecan language family, which includes over thirty different languages. Spring, summer, fall, and winter were all significant times. When it comes to clothing Shoshone Bannock Tribes wore clothing based on the type of weather they were encountering. Without land of their own, maintaining their sense of self became very difficult for the Shoshone Indians. Age and sex of children did not matter until they were older and able to take on more adult responsibilities within the tribe (Parry, 2014). The traditional Shoshone people would gather rice, pine nuts, seeds, berries, nuts, and roots. The Shoshone: The Shoshone are a tribe of Native American people from the western Great Basin (Nevada, Oregon, and Utah) that overtime moved south and west. Sacagawea was an Indian woman who led explorers Lewis and Clark across the west and to the Pacific Coast in 1805. There are two main spelling systems for Shoshoni. I think it is absolutely amazing how these Indians who lived off the land wasted basically nothing. Men often wore just a strip of deerhide around their hips, or they went without any clothing. Deer hide, glass beads, sinew This suggests that the idea of a subgroup, called Sheepeaters, had already begun to coalesce around earlier misinterpretations of the name. The visitor center is open May 1 through Sept. 29. There are pit toilets nearby. Both were dressed in moccasins. Retrieved from http://www.kawvalley.k12.ks.us/schools/rjh/marneyg/archived_projects/02_plains-history/02_alejosb_Shoshone.html, Lewis, O. The tribe would join together in the winter months and then split again once springtime hit. Women used skins to make long skirts for winter, or bark and grass to make shorter skirts for summer. In 1826-27 Jedediah Smith passed through Paiute country and established an overland route to California. $102,078 to the Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony; $128,937 to the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe . Bird feathers were also used. The Shoshone chieftains and other leaders did not inherit any power from whom they were related to. Starting in the mid-1800s, Sheepeater guides were engaged by parties of white explorers in the areas in and around what became Yellowstone National Park. The first recorded contact between Utah Paiutes and Europeans occurred in 1776 when the Escalante-Dominguez party encountered Paiute women gathering seeds. About ten or twelve years ago, in a mountain meadow near timberline in the Wind River Mountains, one member of a team that included Tory Taylor found a rare soapstone carving among many other Shoshone artifacts near a major source of soapstone. First treaty with the western Shoshone, 1857: Comstock Lode major silver discovery in Nevada (then Utah), 1861: The American Civil (1861 - 1865). Eastern Shoshones live on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming, Shoshone-Bannock tribes are at Fort Hall in Idaho, and Western Shoshones reside on reservations in Nevada.While the Shoshones' linguistic roots may have originated in the Great Basin of Utah and Nevada, archaeological evidence suggests a Shoshonean . Second, the Mormon people also began moving in on their territory. In the spring and summer, the Northwestern band traveled around southern Idaho and throughout Utah. They did this by weaving willows, grasses . Many Great Basin Indians wore little or no clothing, especially during the hot summer months. The physical trauma and illnesses that were not believed to be caused by the supernatural were treated with many different types of herbal remedies (Western Shoshone, 1996). Because the Shoshone people had no written records, these stories were important to the history of their people (Shoshone Tribe, 2015). The Shoshones in the Rocky Mountain Area., Jones, William A. Shoshone History Timeline: What happened to the Shoshone tribe? The Tribe operates the program with federal funds and the Shoshone-Bannock general fund. Only a few beads have been discovered, ranging from pea-size to quarter-size. The dances were prayers for their people, the plants, and the animals to protect them during each new season and to promote health and growth for the next. They lived in the desert regions of western north. During the first half of the 20th century, ethnologists and linguists noted that Shoshone used a variety of food-names to refer to each other. Check out this site for interesting facts about the Paiute tribe of the Great Plains. They decorate their clothing with quills or beads. (2015). Taylor, Tory. Rossville Jr. High 2002 plains project. The basic tribes of the Great Basin Culture Area include Bannock, Gosiute, Mono, Northern Paiute, Panamint, Shoshone, Southern Paiute, Washo, and Ute. /* 728x15 link ad */ When they needed to keep warmer during the winter months, they wore rabbit robes and pants or other type of fur. 4 What was the purpose of the Shoshone baskets? These scholarships provide financial aid to students of the Shoshone tribes to help them meet their educational goals, develop leadership and help the needs of the tribe such as accounting, natural resources, healthcare, and engineering. During these months, they spent their time gath-ering seeds, roots, and berries and socializing with each other. Through the trade and sale of their handmade items they were able to provide the tribe with the things they needed to survive. The most well known Shoshone is Sacagawea. These increased rates could be the effects of nuclear test nuclear weapons testing that were done upwind from Native American communities (George & Russ, n.d.). The Shoshone tribe originally lived in the American Great Basin region but with the advent of the horse many migrated to the Great Plains. They connect humans, animals and plants, the physical with the spiritual, and the living with the non-living to create a holistic sense of self. The Shoshone developed a mild version of the Plains Sun Dance. They also donned basket hats and warbonnets. Where do the Shoshones live? They seem to have utilized many parts of the animals in their clothing alone. They have grown to a group of nearly 30,000. Shoshone. . They also learn about their cultures history (Rist, 1961). Due to this, the Shoshone tribe lost a great amount of their combined crops. The mountains, streams, and plains stood forever, they said, and the seasons walked around annually (Utah History to Go). The two Shoshone Ghost Dance songs adhere to the pattern of paired phrases that characterize all Ghost Dance songs. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. While many Indian tribes are well known for jewelry, the Shoshone tribe excelled instead in basket making, becoming well known for their beautiful hand-woven baskets. The members of the Shoshone tribe were not a wasteful people. Even in winter, clothing was scanty. They hope that by providing college education opportunities within their tribe, they can strengthen their tribal program and ensure a healthy, constructive environment for their future generations (Eastern Shoshone Education, 2015). The Shoshone people wore different clothing for each season. The Father Dance paid tribute to the creator and asked him to keep the people healthy. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Working soapstone was another important Shoshone craft. Shoshone men hunted rabbits, buffalo, wild sheep, squirrels and birds. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Heebe-Tee-Tse, Shoshone: Subject: Shoshoni Indians; Indians of North America: Spatial Coverage: Colorado: Keywords: Shoshone Indians-Clothing and dress: Tribe: Shoshone: Creator: Rose & Hopkins: Description: Half-length studio portrait of Heebe-Tee-Tse, Shoshone Native American man, He wears a headdress and holds a tomahawk decorated with bells . (2012, April 1). William A. Jones refers to Sheepeaters several times in his report of a reconnaissance expedition to northwest Wyoming in 1873. Occasionally a member of the tribe would complete work in exchange for money. The Shoshone tribe often referred to as the Shoshoni or Snake Indians, consists of several distinct groups, of which there are different bands.Originally living in a wide area of the Great Basin and Great Plains and sharing similar Shoshone languages, they are closely related to the Comanche, Paiute, and Ute Indians.. By the mid-18th century, the Blackfoot, Blood, Piegan, and Crow to the north . Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people learning about the Shoshone Indian tribe for school or home-schooling reports. The Shoshone hunted deer, rabbits and other small animals, but the buffalo provided a true prize for the tribe. (2014) Tribal Directory: Native American Healing. Photographs are allowed, but artifacts, cairns and rock structures must not be disturbed. First, the United States government signed a treaty with Shoshone people for peace, but the United States government did not keep the treaty. Drinking water is available. (2002). Capt. The scenic and mountainous reservation is home to over 3,900 Eastern Shoshone and 8,600 Northern Arapaho enrolled tribal members . But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Among the Shoshone tribes were several famous chiefs. Group Shoshoni dance at the Fort Washakie reservation in Wyoming. Food, clothing, homes, weapons and culture of the Paiute. The Snake War (1864-1868) then erupted. Men wore breech clothes and leggings. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The traditional Shoshone baskets are attractive and utilitarian. What was the lifestyle and culture of the Shoshone tribe?The Shoshone tribe were originally hunters, fishers and seed gathers from the Great Basin cultural group of Native Indians who were closely related to the Northern Paiute people. They are waiting to be formally recognized by the U.S. government (Shoshone, 2015). Marriage for the Shoshone was almost always arranged. //-->. There was also usually a leader for each hunting group during the hunting seasons to ensure the hunt would be successful. Return to our Native Americans homepage for kids Currently Native Americans, including the Shoshone, are facing increasing health challenges, like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Leadership and group structure were informal and transitory until Indians of all nations, the Shoshone included, gathered and traveled together to provide better protection from groups of whites. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". During this time the Shoshone raided Pony Express routes, stagecoaches and wagon trains, 1862: Colonel Patrick Conner founded Fort Douglas Salt Lake City, 1863: January 29, 1863 Bear River Massacre. By the 1850's many settlers were moving onto the Shoshone land. Working soapstone was another important Shoshone craft. The religious beliefs of the Shoshone tribes stemmed from supernatural powers that often took the shape of animals and other mythical creatures. 1900 Wyoming Deer hide, glass beads, sinew 86 x 117 cm Purchase 19/7485 About This Object Medicine Lodge State Archaeological Site is located approximately six miles northeast of Hyattville, Wyo. . Later, Shoshone people adapted European costume such as cloth dresses and vests, which they also decorated with beading and traditional ornaments. The National Bighorn Sheep Center, at 907 West Ramshorn in Dubois, offers dioramas with taxidermy displays of bighorns in their habitat, information on the Whiskey Mountain bighorn sheep herd and summer tours to view the animals. They decorated their clothing with shells, beads, bones and teeth from animals, and quills. They decorate their clothing with quills or beads. Bannock Indian Culture and History. If a man in the tribe has not had a vision or a dream, which the elders see as supernatural, they are then prepared to go on their vision quest. A Western Shoshone basket bowl. For more information, visit http://www.jacksonholehistory.org. The Washakie Museum and Cultural Center, on the west end of Big Horn Avenue in Worland, offers exhibits on the prehistory, cultural history and European settlement of the area, and serves as well as a hub of local cultural activities. Traditional styles of basket weaving are nearly a lost art for modern Shoshone. Archaeology with Altitude: Late Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence in the Northern Wind River Range, Wyoming. Ph.D. Time for the Shoshone people was different than how most people perceive it today. Washakie, John. It consisted of the work required to maintain life for the tribe, such as, hunting, gathering, building shelters, making clothing and basket weaving. Loendorf, Lawrence L. and Nancy Medaris Stone. Theres no doubt that ancient peoples lived in the mountains of northwest Wyoming and on the western side of the Tetons, probably in significant numbers. The Shoshone tribe taught the Mormons how to hunt and gather in this new type of land and the Mormons sought to convert the Shoshone tribe to Mormonism. Indian genealogy With variations from tribe to tribe, some of the most popular characters in these stories were Coyote, their mischievous and trickster father of the people; Wolf, Coyotes brother and wise and revered hero, the creator of the earth; and a people called Nimerigar (Nim-air-ee-gar), a magical race of violent little people that the Shoshone often battled against in their myths. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? (2003). The Shoshone were a peaceful people, trading with mountain men and fur trappers, but they adopted a war-like attitude following a series of events that happened to them. As new settlers cut down trees and built homes and communities upon the land, it caused a great disturbance for the Shoshone people. From U.S. Highway 14A, take Forest Service Road 12 three miles north to the parking area. Sometime the woman or older girls would wear breechcloths under their skirts or dresses, but normally not on the outside. Ojibwa (2012) explains that following the relocation to reservations in the nineteen thirties, many Shoshone Native Americans worked at trading posts. Smudge sticks (or a bungle of dried herbs), which are often burnt, are used to purify and cleanse the spirt, mind, and body (Tribal Directory, 2014) and medicine wheels which are typically used for ceremonial purposes can help also be used to help healing (Tribal Directory, 2014). Required fields are marked *. The lives of the people of the Shoshone tribe changed from nomadic fishers, and seed gathers to hunter gatherers who followed the great herds of buffalo. Most site grounds are open 24 hours per day year-round, weather permitting. They not only live with their immediate family but with their extended families as well, including aunts, uncles, and grandparents. 2 Recreation Board, Indigenous People in Wyoming and the West, http://westerndigs.org/wyoming-wildfire-reveals-massive-pre-contact-shoshone-camp-thousands-of-artifacts/, www.archive.org/details/annalsofwyom36121964wyom, www.archive.org/details/annalsofwyom33121961wyom, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&view=text&rgn=main&idno=AGH6142, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262068198_Modeling_site_location_patterns_amongst_late-prehistoric_villages_in_the_Wind_River_Range_Wyoming, http://www.grsle.org/Conferences/Todd_etAl_SAA_2017.pdf, http://www.grsle.org/Fieldwork/ToddEtAlPlains_2015.pdf, http://www.grsle.org/Conferences/Todd_et_al_2016_Elk&Ice.pdf, Alpine Lives of Ancient People: High-mountain Archeology in Wyoming, Coming to Wind River: The Eastern Shoshone Treaties of 1863 and 1868, Before Wyoming: American Indian Geography and Trails, More about Wind River Range at Wyoming Places, Jackson Hole Historical Society and Museum, Green River Historic Preservation Commission, Natrona County Board of Cooperative Educational Services, Natrona County Recreation Joint Powers Board, Sublette County Historical Preservation Board, University of Wyoming School of Energy Resources. Recent discoveries show ancient peoples lived in the mountains of whats now northwest Wyoming, probably in significant numbers. The latest road conditions can be obtained . The created complex baskets and tools used for carrying water and food great distances.

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