[44], Arnold returned to the Hudson where General Gates had taken over command of the American army, which had retreated to a camp south of Stillwater. [130] In Arnold's home town of Norwich, Connecticut, someone scrawled "the traitor" next to his record of birth at city hall, and all of his family's gravestones have been destroyed except his mother's.[131]. He was again severely wounded in the left leg late in the fighting. Some could even argue that, patriotism aside, it might have seemed insane for him not to turn traitor. Despite Arnold's defection to the British, he was a fierce patriot for . [52] Historian John Shy states: Arnold began planning to capitalize financially on the change in power in Philadelphia, even before the Americans reoccupied their city. [112], In London, Arnold aligned himself with the Tories, advising Germain and King George III to renew the fight against the Americans. He engaged in a variety of business deals designed to profit from war-related supply movements and benefiting from the protection of his authority. The first man was a British major named John Andre. He was imprisoned by French authorities on Guadeloupe amid accusations of spying for the British, and narrowly eluded hanging by escaping to the blockading British fleet after bribing his guards. His father was also called Benedict Arnold and his mother's name was Hannah Waterman King. While Benedict Arnold escaped to British-occupied New York, where he was protected from punishment. Benedict Arnold was born on Jan. 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. His ventures met with mixed success. Samuel Spring carried him to the makeshift hospital at the Htel Dieu. Name: Ethan Allen; Birth . Andr was captured the next day, near Tarrytown, with those plans tucked inside his boot. [63][64], Arnold had an extremely ambitious and jealous personality. [11], Arnold was very close to his mother, who died in 1759. Things Trump will never be. Soon after Ticonderoga, Arnold brought his men on a dangerous trek through the . He led the British army in battle against the soldiers whom he had once commanded, after which his name became, and has remained, synonymous with treason and betrayal in the United States.[2]. Wikipedia Sign up to our newsletter. His father's alcoholism and ill health kept him from training Arnold in the family mercantile business, but his mother's family connections secured an apprenticeship for him with her cousins Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, who operated a successful apothecary and general merchandise trade in Norwich. Unable to obtain a regular commission in the British army after the war, Arnold pursued various business ventures like land speculation and privateering before permanently settling in London. [137] A moralistic children's tale entitled "The Cruel Boy" was widely circulated in the 19th century. [148] He was buried at St Mary's Church, Battersea, England which has a commemorative stained glass window. The crowd of hundreds of people was quiet. Various translations of Sun Tzu's The Art of War have been published over the past century. "[108] Cornwallis ignored Arnold's advice to locate a permanent base away from the coast, advice that might have averted his surrender at Yorktown. Bettmann / Corbis "You have five. Benedict's exploits and continuous wins caught the eye of George Washington, who . He returned a hero, but his rash courage and impatient energy had aroused the enmity of several officers. [98], Arnold learned of Andr's capture the morning of September 24 while waiting for Washington, with whom he was going to have breakfast at his headquarters in British Col. Beverley Robinson's former summer house on the east bank of the Hudson. Clinton was concerned that Washington's army and the French fleet would join in Rhode Island, and he again fixed on West Point as a strategic point to capture. In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned as a brigadier general in the British Army, and placed in command of the American Legion. [19][20] The captain was wounded in the first exchange of gunfire, and he apologized when Arnold threatened to aim to kill on the second. Born in 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire (part of the famous 'Potteries' and now a district of Stoke-on-Trent), Enoch Arnold Bennett was named after his father, a solicitor. Arnold benefited from his relationship with Mansfield, who became a partner in his business and used his position as sheriff to shield him from creditors. Saint Benedict once lived in a hermit cave. His scheme was to surrender the fort to the British, but it was exposed in September 1780 when revolution militia captured Andr carrying papers which revealed the plot. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Colony of Connecticut, British America. The combined assault (December 31, 1775) failed, Montgomery was killed, and Arnold was severely wounded. betrayal. Andr had spies and informers keeping track of Arnold to verify his movements. In the United States, the name of Benedict Arnold is synonymous with treason. [29] She is buried in the crypt of the Center Church on New Haven Green. He could not cope with failure and disgrace. [67], Early in May 1779, Arnold met with Philadelphia merchant Joseph Stansbury[c] who then "went secretly to New York with a tender of [Arnold's] services to Sir Henry Clinton". [108], On his return to New York in June, Arnold made a variety of proposals for attacks on economic targets to force the Americans to end the war. Neither side knew for some days that the other was in agreement with that offer, due to difficulties in getting the messages across the lines. "[144] The victory monument at Saratoga has four niches, three of which are occupied by statues of Generals Gates, Schuyler, and Morgan. His action at Ridgefield, coupled with the death of Wooster due to wounds sustained in the action, resulted in his promotion to major general, although his seniority was not restored over those who had been promoted before him. He proposed an action to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety to seize Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York, which he knew was poorly defended. Phillips led further raids across Virginia, including a defeat of Baron von Steuben at Petersburg, but he died of fever on May 12, 1781. [6] In December 1780, he led a force of 1,600 troops into Virginia under orders from Clinton, where he captured Richmond by surprise and then went on a rampage through Virginia, destroying supply houses, foundries, and mills. He grew resentful of several rival and younger generals who had been promoted ahead of him and given honors which he thought he deserved. [33], The Second Continental Congress authorized an invasion of Quebec, in part on the urging of Arnoldbut he was passed over for command of the expedition. Benedict Arnold served in the Connecticut militia and participated in the Siege of Boston. After the usual exchange of greetings I ventured to request from him some letters of introduction to his friends in America. general, has a name that's become synonymous with deceit and. From psychological wounds received in his Connecticut childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the family's fortunes? [48] However, he interpreted the manner in which they did so as an act of sympathy for his wounds, and not an apology or recognition that they were righting a wrong. 0:00. Arnold demanded a court martial to clear the charges, writing to Washington in May 1779: "Having become a cripple in the service of my country, I little expected to meet ungrateful returns". He was extremely unpopular there and returned to London permanently in 1791, where he died ten years later. Arnold established himself in business in 1762 as a pharmacist and bookseller in New Haven, Connecticut, with the help of the Lathrops. Clinton refused this suggestion; after a military tribunal, Andr was hanged at Tappan, New York, on October 2. One critic said that he was a "mean mercenary, who, having adopted a cause for the sake of plunder, quits it when convicted of that charge". Early in May he made secret overtures to British headquarters, and a year later he informed the British of a proposed American invasion of Canada. Arnold's Family Life Was Messy By The Time He Was 20. He died after four days of delirium on June 14, 1801, at the age of 60. Arnold received a commission as a brigadier general in the British Army, an annual pension of 360,[b] and a lump sum of over 6,000. He sent an Indian messenger into the camp of British Brigadier General Barry St. Leger with news that the approaching force was much larger and closer than it actually was; this convinced St. Leger's Indian allies to abandon him, forcing him to give up the effort. You may think it was odd that parents would name their newborn . The house where Arnold lived at 62 Gloucester Place in central London bears a plaque describing him as an "American Patriot". [58] She married Arnold on April 8, 1779. [55], Andr conferred with Clinton, who gave him broad authority to pursue Arnold's offer. In 1776, he deployed defensive and delay tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island in Lake Champlain that gave American forces time to prepare New York's defenses. 8. As early as 1778, there were signs that Arnold was unhappy with his situation and pessimistic about the country's future. He followed up that action with a bold raid on Fort Saint-Jean on the Richelieu River north of Lake Champlain. It was invoked again as sectional conflicts increased in the years before the American Civil War. Thereafter his name became an epithet for traitor in the United States. [83], Andr returned victorious from the Siege of Charleston on June 18, and both he and Clinton were immediately caught up in this news. Among others, he shared the name with his father and. On November 10, 1778, General Nathanael Greene wrote to General John Cadwalader, "I am told General Arnold is become very unpopular among you oweing to his associateing too much with the Tories. [60] Some of this communication was effected through the services of Joseph Stansbury, a Philadelphia merchant.[61]. Arnold was made a brigadier general in the British army. [136], Fictional invocations of Benedict Arnold's name carry strongly negative overtones. A colonial resident by birth, Arnold made his living as a merchant before joining the American military to defend against the British. Benedict Arnold He then directed the construction of a fleet to defend Lake Champlain, which was overmatched and defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island. The other leg ached constantly, and he walked only with a cane. One thing that we can set aside is any notion that the dish was named after Benedict Arnold, the Revolutionary War general who became the most famous American traitor in history after he defected to the British army and became a general for the other side, leading troops against those he once commanded. [66] Biographer Nathaniel Philbrick argues: Peggy Shippen did have a significant role in the plot. His health simply declined, partly as a result of his war wounds, partly as a result of what used to be called dropsy edema, the dramatic retention of fluid in limbs. The Arnold residence attained the reputation as one of early Amsterdam's finer homes. Before it could be carried out, however, minutemen captured John Andr and informed General George Washingtonof the plot. On December 8, 1781, Arnold and his family left New York for England. [106] This activity brought out Virginia's militia led by Colonel Sampson Mathews, and Arnold eventually retreated to Portsmouth to be reinforced or to evacuate. The first major biography of his life was The Life and Treason of Benedict Arnold, published in 1832 by historian Jared Sparks; it was particularly harsh in showing how Arnold's treacherous character was formed out of childhood experiences. Arnold remained there until July 1781 and then returned to New York. [62], Arnold had been badly wounded twice in battle and had lost his business in Connecticut, which made him profoundly bitter. Scholastica, the founder of the Benedictine sisters, was Benedict's sister. Thereupon I expressed the desire of seeing that gentleman, and, shortly after, I was introduced to him. He died, age 60, and was buried in London. Understand why Benedict Arnold spied for the British during the American Revolutionary War. [86], Arnold's command at West Point also gave him authority over the entire American-controlled Hudson River, from Albany down to the British lines outside New York City. [40] In February 1777, he learned that he had been passed over by Congress for promotion to major general. Arnold was rebuffed by Congress and by local authorities in requests for security details for himself and his in-laws. She was a close friend of British major John Andr and kept in contact with him when he became head of the British espionage system in New York. [1] Only he and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood; his other siblings died from yellow fever in childhood. Did he become a traitor because of all the injustice he suffered, real and imagined, at the hands of the Continental Congress and his jealous fellow generals? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [77] Arnold worked over the next few months to publicize this fact; however, Washington published a formal rebuke of his behavior in early April, just one week after he had congratulated Arnold on the birth of his son Edward Shippen Arnold on March 19:[78], The Commander-in-Chief would have been much happier in an occasion of bestowing commendations on an officer who had rendered such distinguished services to his country as Major General Arnold; but in the present case, a sense of duty and a regard to candor oblige him to declare that he considers his conduct [in the convicted actions] as imprudent and improper. [120] The family left Saint John to return to London in December 1791. Though the location was used for training cadets in engineering starting in 1794, it officially became the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802. With the permission of his master, Armistead enlisted in the Revolutionary War under General Lafayette. The arched, double-door main entrance provided a stately, picturesque quality to the home. Corrections? [3] Arnold was buried at St. Mary's Church in Battersea, England. He presided over the rear of the Continental Army during its retreat from Saint-Jean, where he was reported by James Wilkinson to be the last person to leave before the British arrived. His company marched northeast the following month to assist in the siege of Boston that followed the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Arnold immediately hastened to the shore and ordered bargemen to row him downriver to where HMS Vulture was anchored, fleeing on it to New York City. He was a war hero who persistently fought for America's independence. [81], Early in April, Philip Schuyler had approached Arnold with the possibility of giving him the command at West Point. Lee Moran. In April of 1775, after learning about the conflicts at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, Arnold organized his men in preparation for a march to Cambridge to aid in the fight against the British . What happened to Benedict Arnold after he betrayed the Continental Army to the British? In 1775, when the war began, he was a merchant operating ships in the Atlantic Ocean. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. General Washington gave him a light reprimand, but it merely heightened Arnold's sense of betrayal; nonetheless, he had already opened negotiations with the British before his court martial even began. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [21] However, it is unknown whether this encounter actually happened or not. Benedict Arnold's name might be the first that comes to mind when we think of treason not just because he was a traitor, but because he was such an unlikely one. Benedict Arnold, despite his bravery on the battlefield, eventually switched sides and became the most infamous traitor in American history. Again he tried to resign, but in July he accepted a government order to help stem the British advance into upper New York. It was donated by Civil War General John Watts DePeyster, and its inscription reads: "In memory of the most brilliant soldier of the Continental army, who was desperately wounded on this spot, winning for his countrymen the decisive battle of the American Revolution, and for himself the rank of Major General. Two months later he repelled a British attack on Danbury, Connecticut, and was made a major general, but his seniority was not restored and Arnold felt his honour impugned. When the British took control of Philadelphia in 1777, Peggy met John Andr, a charming, well-educated British officer. With Benedict Arnold, he led the Green Mountain Boys to capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775. One plaque bears only a rank and a date but no name: "major general born 1740". [138] The boy is not identified until the end of the story, when his place of birth is given as Norwich, Connecticut, and his name is given as Benedict Arnold. During the summer of 1778, he met Peggy Shippen, the 18-year-old daughter of Judge Edward Shippen (III), a Loyalist sympathizer who had done business with the British while they occupied the city;[57] Peggy had been courted by British Major John Andr during the British occupation of Philadelphia. Arnold repeatedly claimed that he was being passed over for promotion by the Continental Congress, and that other officers were being given credit for some of his accomplishments. On August 25, Peggy finally delivered to him Clinton's agreement to the terms. [69] This was the beginning of a secret correspondence between Arnold and Andr, sometimes using his wife Peggy as a willing intermediary, which culminated more than a year later with Arnold's change of sides. [118] The family moved to Saint John in 1787, where Arnold created an uproar with a series of bad business deals and petty lawsuits. We largely don't even know who he is. Benedict Arnold is an American Revolutionary War General who is known for being the best American Strategist during the war. He returned to the army at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, in May 1778 to the applause of men who had served under him at Saratoga. This monument was erected under the patronage of the State of Connecticut in the 55th year of the Independence of the U.S.A. in memory of the brave patriots massacred at Fort Griswold near this spot on the 6th of Sept. [94], Andr was captured near Tarrytown, New York, on Saturday, September 23, by three Westchester militiamen. When Arnold learned the following morning that Andr had been caught and that . [8] His siblings were, in order of birth: Benedict (17381739), Hannah (17421803), Mary (17451753), Absolom (17471750), and Elizabeth (17491755). [35], During these actions, Arnold made a number of friends and a larger number of enemies within the army power structure and in Congress. However, Arnold was a prominent figure in the American Revolution and, for a time, was a distinguished war hero who simply became . During the Revolutionary War, West Point was known as Fort Arnold, but after Benedict Arnold's betrayal, it became known as Fort Clinton. Historians have several theories about why Arnold became a traitor: greed; mounting debt; resentment of other officers; a hatred of the Continental Congress; and a desire for the colonies to remain under British rule. [41], Arnold was on his way to Philadelphia to discuss his future when he was alerted that a British force was marching toward a supply depot in Danbury, Connecticut. He also peppered Washington with complaints about the lack of supplies, writing, "Everything is wanting. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Arnold said that it would have been better had it been in the chest instead of the leg. Besides, I would argue that even if the British d. They had no reason to suspect that Gen. Benedict Arnold, the new commander of the post, would be less than a gracious host. Arnold's name had become synonymous with the word traitor. His father was a successful businessman and young Benedict had a comfortable childhood. When and where was Benedict Arnold born? "Since the fall of Lucifer," General Nathanial Greene judged, "nothing has equaled the fall of Arnold." Yet Arnold's accomplishments for the patriot cause were extraordinary. I used the widely accepted 1910 translation by the sinologist Lionel Giles, available in various . She was the conduit for information to the British. Arnold's letters continued to detail Washington's troop movements and provide information about French reinforcements that were being organized. [22] In a strange twist of fate, "the second most hated British . Word of the siege's disastrous outcome led the company to turn around, and Arnold served for only 13 days. In 1763, he repaid money that he had borrowed from the Lathrops,[17] repurchased the family homestead that his father had sold when deeply in debt, and re-sold it a year later for a substantial profit. While en route to West Point, Arnold renewed an acquaintance with Joshua Hett Smith, who had spied for both sides and who owned a house near the western bank of the Hudson about 15 miles south of West Point. Donald Trump has taken over from Benedict Arnold as "America's number one traitor," according to a group of veterans seeking to vote the president out of office this November. Through the early morning hours of Sept. 22, 1780 the two plotted. Updates? [149] The faculty club at the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton has a Benedict Arnold Room in which letters written by Arnold hang on the walls. [27] Margaret died on June 19, 1775, while Arnold was at Fort Ticonderoga following its capture. For several years before he . [99][100] Upon receiving Jameson's message, however, he learned that Jameson had sent Washington the papers which Andr was carrying. He started as an apprentice Benedict Arnold's name has become infamous for his treacherous acts regarding the fort at West Point, which he was in command of, and his very name has even become a synonym for either treason or betrayal. Letters were to be passed through the women's circle that Peggy Arnold was a part of, but only Peggy would be aware that some letters contained instructions that were to be passed on to Andr, written in both code and invisible ink, using Stansbury as the courier. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. [62], Wetherell says that the shortest explanation for his treason is that he "married the wrong person". Arnold returned to England in 1791, but he left to spend several years privateering in the West Indies before permanently settling in London. Arnold was born in Connecticut. Crippled from his wounds, Arnold was placed in command of Philadelphia (June 1778), where he socialized with families of loyalist sympathies and lived extravagantly. [10] His apprenticeship with the Lathrops lasted seven years. One month after taking command, Arnold slipped the plans to British Major John Andr in exchange for 20,000 pounds of sterling, the equivalent of more than $4 million today. The prisoner seemed suprised to see the gallows, but walked calmy toward it. Answer (1 of 2): In the United States, Benedict Arnold has the dubious distinction of being one of the primary figures responsible for the Revolutionary War's losing cause. He was enrolled in a private school in nearby Canterbury, Connecticut, when he was 10, with the expectation that he would eventually attend Yale College. [27] Their son Benedict was born the following year[28] and was followed by brothers Richard in 1769 and Henry in 1772. At the age of sixteen, Arnold enlisted in a militia and served in the French and Indian War in upstate New York . Jameson reluctantly recalled the lieutenant who had been delivering Andr into Arnold's custody, but he then sent the same lieutenant as a messenger to notify Arnold of Andr's arrest. [126] As a result of a clerical error in the parish records, his remains were removed to an unmarked mass grave during church renovations a century later. After organizing an assemblage of volunteers, he seized munitions from the New Haven arsenal and led his group northward to fight the British. Arnold became a shrewd and prosperous trader in New Haven while also joining the local militia in 1774 and being named its captain soon thereafter. [109] They also attacked and captured Fort Griswold across the river in Groton, Connecticut, slaughtering the Americans after they surrendered following the Battle of Groton Heightsand all these deeds were done just a few miles down the Thames River from Norwich, where Arnold grew up. [citation needed]. Benedict Arnold Is America's Most Famous Traitor. [34], Arnold then traveled to Montreal where he served as military commander of the city until forced to retreat by an advancing British army that had arrived at Quebec in May. Why did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? Benedict Arnold, shown on the left concealing his plans in John Andr's boot, has become synonymous with treason but before he betrayed America, he saved it. He was named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold who was once governor of the colony of Connecticut. Historians have identified many possible factors contributing to Arnold's treason, while some debate their relative importance. He had requested to resign multiple times after being refused promotions and, from December 1779 to January 1780, was court-martialed because of multiple charges of misconduct. Benedict Arnold's reasons for betraying America were extraordinarily complex. He was convicted of disorderly conduct and fined the relatively small amount of 50 shillings; publicity of the case and widespread sympathy for his views probably contributed to the light sentence. In December 1780, Arnold was given command of British forces sent to raid Virginia. Omissions? A Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June; Arnold had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. [a][133] Historical markers in Danvers, Massachusetts, and Newburyport, MA commemorate Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec. [1] By the time that he was 14, there was no money for private education. The two-story edifice occupied a lot on the west side of Market between East Main and Division Streets. [46] During the fighting in the second battle, Arnold disobeyed Gates' orders and took to the battlefield to lead attacks on the British defenses. He began to drink heavily, and . Once the former Revolutionary War hero . "Whom Can We Trust Now? He is also believed to have built the first U.S. telescope. Upon the outbreak of hostilities at Lexington, Massachusetts (April 1775), Arnold volunteered for service and participated with Ethan Allen in the successful colonial attack on British-held Fort Ticonderoga, New York, the following month. He would be an apprentice in the mercantile trade for seven years. Despite his popularity and battlefield prowess, Benedict Arnold eventually broke bad. That autumn he was appointed by Gen. George Washington to command an expedition to capture Quebec. T even know who he is also believed to have built the first U.S. telescope again as conflicts... 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